ENTRY       hsa00512                    Pathway
NAME        Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis - Homo sapiens (human)
DESCRIPTION O-glycans are a class of glycans that modify serine or threonine residues of proteins. Biosynthesis of O-glycans starts from the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to serine or threonine. The first GalNAc may be extended with sugars including galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, or sialic acid, but not mannose, glucose, or xylose. Depending on the sugars added, there are four common O-glycan core structures, cores 1 through 4, and an additional four, cores 5 though 8. Mucins are highly O-glycosylated glycoproteins ubiquitous in mucous secretions on cell surfaces and in body fluids. Mucin O-glycans can be branched, and many sugars or groups of sugars are antigenic. Important modifications of mucin O-glycans include O-acetylation of sialic acid and O-sulfation of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine.
CLASS       Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism
PATHWAY_MAP hsa00512  Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis
MODULE      hsa_M00056  O-glycan biosynthesis, mucin type core [PATH:hsa00512]
DBLINKS     GO: 0006493
ORGANISM    Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
GENE        442117  GALNTL6; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase like 6 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            11227  GALNT5; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            64409  GALNT17; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 17 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            63917  GALNT11; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 11 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            79695  GALNT12; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            114805  GALNT13; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            79623  GALNT14; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            57452  GALNT16; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 16 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            117248  GALNT15; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            374378  GALNT18; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 18 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            168391  GALNTL5; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase like 5 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            55568  GALNT10; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            2590  GALNT2; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            2591  GALNT3; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            2589  GALNT1; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            11226  GALNT6; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            8693  GALNT4; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            50614  GALNT9; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            51809  GALNT7; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            26290  GALNT8; polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 8 [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            100528030  POC1B-GALNT4; POC1B-GALNT4 readthrough [KO:K00710] [EC:2.4.1.41]
            56913  C1GALT1; core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 [KO:K00731] [EC:2.4.1.122]
            29071  C1GALT1C1; C1GALT1 specific chaperone 1 [KO:K09653]
            728819  C1GALT1C1L; C1GALT1 specific chaperone 1 like [KO:K09653]
            2650  GCNT1; glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 1 [KO:K00727] [EC:2.4.1.102]
            9245  GCNT3; glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 3, mucin type [KO:K09662] [EC:2.4.1.-]
            51301  GCNT4; glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 4 [KO:K09663] [EC:2.4.1.-]
            6482  ST3GAL1; ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 [KO:K00780] [EC:2.4.3.2 2.4.3.4]
            6483  ST3GAL2; ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 [KO:K03368] [EC:2.4.3.2 2.4.3.4]
            55808  ST6GALNAC1; ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 [KO:K03479] [EC:2.4.3.3]
            10610  ST6GALNAC2; ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 [KO:K06616] [EC:2.4.3.3]
            256435  ST6GALNAC3; ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 3 [KO:K03373] [EC:2.4.3.7]
            27090  ST6GALNAC4; ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4 [KO:K03374] [EC:2.4.3.7]
            10331  B3GNT3; UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 [KO:K07970] [EC:2.4.1.146 2.4.1.149]
            192134  B3GNT6; UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 [KO:K00739] [EC:2.4.1.147]
            9334  B4GALT5; beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5 [KO:K09905] [EC:2.4.1.274 2.4.1.-]
COMPOUND    C02189  [Protein]-L-serine
            G00023  Tn antigen
            G00024  T antigen
            G00025
            G00026
            G00027
            G00028
            G00029
            G00030
            G00031
            G00032
            G00033
            G00034
            G00035  Sialyl-Tn antigen
            G10611  UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
            G10794
            G13153
REFERENCE   PMID:10580130
  AUTHORS   Brockhausen I.
  TITLE     Pathways of O-glycan biosynthesis in cancer cells.
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1473:67-95 (1999)
            DOI:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00170-1
REFERENCE   PMID:11821425
  AUTHORS   Iwai T, Inaba N, Naundorf A, Zhang Y, Gotoh M, Iwasaki H, Kudo T, Togayachi A, Ishizuka Y, Nakanishi H, Narimatsu H.
  TITLE     Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel UDP-GlcNAc:GalNAc-peptide beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta 3Gn-T6), an enzyme synthesizing the core 3 structure of O-glycans.
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 277:12802-9 (2002)
            DOI:10.1074/jbc.M112457200
REFERENCE   PMID:12626393
  AUTHORS   Korekane H, Taguchi T, Sakamoto Y, Honke K, Dohmae N, Salminen H, Toivonen S, Helin J, Takio K, Renkonen O, Taniguchi N.
  TITLE     Purification and cDNA cloning of UDP-GlcNAc:GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc(NAc)-R [GlcNAc to Gal]beta1,6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase from rat small intestine: a major carrier of dIGnT activity in rat small intestine.
  JOURNAL   Glycobiology 13:387-400 (2003)
            DOI:10.1093/glycob/cwg044
REFERENCE   PMID:10350056
  AUTHORS   van Die I, van Tetering A, Schiphorst WE, Sato T, Furukawa K, van den Eijnden DH.
  TITLE     The acceptor substrate specificity of human beta4-galactosyltransferase V indicates its potential function in O-glycosylation.
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 450:52-6 (1999)
            DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00462-7
REFERENCE   PMID:15466199
  AUTHORS   Marcos NT, Pinho S, Grandela C, Cruz A, Samyn-Petit B, Harduin-Lepers A, Almeida R, Silva F, Morais V, Costa J, Kihlberg J, Clausen H, Reis CA
  TITLE     Role of the human ST6GalNAc-I and ST6GalNAc-II in the synthesis of the cancer-associated sialyl-Tn antigen.
  JOURNAL   Cancer Res 64:7050-7 (2004)
            DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1921
REFERENCE   PMID:10207017
  AUTHORS   Lee YC, Kaufmann M, Kitazume-Kawaguchi S, Kono M, Takashima S, Kurosawa N, Liu H, Pircher H, Tsuji S
  TITLE     Molecular cloning and functional expression of two members of mouse NeuAcalpha2,3Galbeta1,3GalNAc GalNAcalpha2,6-sialyltransferase family, ST6GalNAc  III and IV.
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 274:11958-67 (1999)
            DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.17.11958
REFERENCE   PMID:25727146
  AUTHORS   Kudelka MR, Ju T, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD
  TITLE     Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer.
  JOURNAL   Adv Cancer Res 126:53-135 (2015)
            DOI:10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.002
REFERENCE   PMID:11439191
  AUTHORS   Yeh JC, Hiraoka N, Petryniak B, Nakayama J, Ellies LG, Rabuka D, Hindsgaul O, Marth JD, Lowe JB, Fukuda M
  TITLE     Novel sulfated lymphocyte homing receptors and their control by a Core1 extension beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase.
  JOURNAL   Cell 105:957-69 (2001)
            DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00394-4
REL_PATHWAY hsa00533  Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - keratan sulfate
KO_PATHWAY  ko00512
///
ENTRY       hsa00410                    Pathway
NAME        beta-Alanine metabolism - Homo sapiens (human)
CLASS       Metabolism; Metabolism of other amino acids
PATHWAY_MAP hsa00410  beta-Alanine metabolism
DBLINKS     GO: 0019482
ORGANISM    Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
GENE        339896  GADL1; glutamate decarboxylase like 1 [KO:K18966] [EC:4.1.1.29 4.1.1.11]
            51380  CSAD; cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase [KO:K18966] [EC:4.1.1.29 4.1.1.11]
            2571  GAD1; glutamate decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01580] [EC:4.1.1.15]
            2572  GAD2; glutamate decarboxylase 2 [KO:K01580] [EC:4.1.1.15]
            84735  CNDP1; carnosine dipeptidase 1 [KO:K05604] [EC:3.4.13.20]
            57571  CARNS1; carnosine synthase 1 [KO:K14755] [EC:6.3.2.11]
            55748  CNDP2; carnosine dipeptidase 2 [KO:K08660] [EC:3.4.13.18]
            18  ABAT; 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase [KO:K13524] [EC:2.6.1.19 2.6.1.22]
            54498  SMOX; spermine oxidase [KO:K12259] [EC:1.5.3.16 1.5.3.-]
            8639  AOC3; amine oxidase copper containing 3 [KO:K00276] [EC:1.4.3.21]
            314  AOC2; amine oxidase copper containing 2 [KO:K00276] [EC:1.4.3.21]
            217  ALDH2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            224  ALDH3A2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            219  ALDH1B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            501  ALDH7A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 [KO:K14085] [EC:1.2.1.31 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.3]
            223  ALDH9A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1 [KO:K00149] [EC:1.2.1.47 1.2.1.3]
            221  ALDH3B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            222  ALDH3B2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            218  ALDH3A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            1806  DPYD; dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [KO:K00207] [EC:1.3.1.2]
            1807  DPYS; dihydropyrimidinase [KO:K01464] [EC:3.5.2.2]
            51733  UPB1; beta-ureidopropionase 1 [KO:K01431] [EC:3.5.1.6]
            26275  HIBCH; 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase [KO:K05605] [EC:3.1.2.4]
            3030  HADHA; hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha [KO:K07515] [EC:4.2.1.17 1.1.1.211]
            1962  EHHADH; enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase [KO:K07514] [EC:4.2.1.17 1.1.1.35 5.3.3.8]
            1892  ECHS1; enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1 [KO:K07511] [EC:4.2.1.17]
            35  ACADS; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain [KO:K00248] [EC:1.3.8.1]
            8310  ACOX3; acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl [KO:K00232] [EC:1.3.3.6]
            51  ACOX1; acyl-CoA oxidase 1 [KO:K00232] [EC:1.3.3.6]
            23417  MLYCD; malonyl-CoA decarboxylase [KO:K01578] [EC:4.1.1.9]
            4329  ALDH6A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 [KO:K00140] [EC:1.2.1.18 1.2.1.27]
COMPOUND    C00024  Acetyl-CoA
            C00049  L-Aspartate
            C00083  Malonyl-CoA
            C00099  beta-Alanine
            C00100  Propanoyl-CoA
            C00106  Uracil
            C00135  L-Histidine
            C00222  3-Oxopropanoate
            C00315  Spermidine
            C00334  4-Aminobutanoate
            C00383  Malonate
            C00386  Carnosine
            C00429  5,6-Dihydrouracil
            C00555  4-Aminobutyraldehyde
            C00750  Spermine
            C00804  Propynoate
            C00864  Pantothenate
            C00894  Propenoyl-CoA
            C00986  1,3-Diaminopropane
            C01013  3-Hydroxypropanoate
            C01073  N-Acetyl-beta-alanine
            C01262  beta-Alanyl-N(pi)-methyl-L-histidine
            C02335  beta-Alanyl-CoA
            C02642  3-Ureidopropionate
            C03492  D-4'-Phosphopantothenate
            C03722  Quinolinate
            C05340  beta-Alanyl-L-arginine
            C05341  beta-Alanyl-L-lysine
            C05665  3-Aminopropanal
            C05668  3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA
            C05669  beta-Nitropropanoate
            C05670  3-Aminopropiononitrile
REL_PATHWAY hsa00061  Fatty acid biosynthesis
            hsa00240  Pyrimidine metabolism
            hsa00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
            hsa00330  Arginine and proline metabolism
            hsa00640  Propanoate metabolism
            hsa00770  Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
KO_PATHWAY  ko00410
///

